"מה ייעשה בשחורים החופשיים?" חטיפתם של שחורים חופשיים כאמצעי במאבקה של חברת הדרום על זהותה ברק דור zngln iptly i`wixn`d mexca miiyteg mixegy ly mztihg zrteza wqer df xn`n zlf` z`e,19îd d`na drtezd ly dzehytzd z` xiaqdl ywan `ed.migxf`d,miiytegd mixegyd oxear eeidy mei`l daebzk,dzripna mexcd zepicn ly oci ycgn xeyi`l mexcd xear irvn` zetihga ze`xl rivn `ed ok enk.zetihgd i`yen eid da dtewza cgeina,zi`wixn`d zecard zxag dzzyed mdilr zeceqid ly.oetvd cvn dtwzd zgz el` `yep `id migxf`d zngln iptly zixad zevx`a miiyteg mixegy ly mztihg zrtez al zneyzl ekf `l mnvr miiytegd mixegyd.zitxbeixehqid dpigan ixnbl ixhef`.zecarl mzxikne mztihg ly uetpd rytd oky lk `l,ixehqidd xwgnd on dax iley hixt ly cnrnl llk jxca dkef `id xwgna z`f lka zxkfp ef drtez xy`k d`na dzgixte,zi`wixn`d zecard zxaga miiytegd mixegyd ly "zexv"d zniyxa lex`w elit`.mithegl uixnz deednd micard ixign ziilra xwira zxaqen 19Îd,mikf l`kin x"c ly eziigpda 'zixad zevx`a rfbe zecar' xpinqa dazkpy dcear lr qqean df xn`n *.1850 zpyn (Fitzhugh) eivit 'bxe'b ly exeaig myn gewl eny.aia` lz zhiqxaipe`a 98 "?miiytegd mixegya dyrii dn" Ÿ [היה היה, במה צעירה להיסטוריה, גיליון 5 (תשס"ו), עמ' 117±98]
99 "?miiytegd mixegya dyrii dn" zetihga wqerd icigid xwgnd il reciy dnk cr `edy 1,"dpkqa zexg" dxtqa oeqliee mixaqda zwtzqne zizxag drtezk drtezd ly dzernyn lr zcner dppi`,onvr oiicr `edy,1974 zpyn 2 "mipec` `ll micar" extqa oilxa dxii`.df oebk miizaiqp edify miccead on ile` `ed,miiytegd mixegyd zece` xzeia mlyde siwnd xwgnd `ed,ab` jxcke dxvwa dil` qgiizn `edy it lr s`e,xzei zakxen drtez zetihga 3.zinexcd dibele`ici`d ly ipeibdd dkynd z` eeid zetihgd ik ezrc z` rian,jtidle,zygxzn `id da dxagd lr dn xac dlbn zipiixar drtez lky il dncp ly mztihg zrtez mevnv.da zeniiwznd zeipiixard zertezd z` dxiaqn dxag lk ezernyn,itqk geex myl zihxt dnfei ly oiipr ickl zecarl mzxikne miiyteg mixegy ± zn`a zepiiprnd zel`yd z` uingdl dgeha jxc idef.d`lnd dzpadn wngzdl izxagd mwxnd on wlg deedn `id ote` dfi`a?dpezp dxaga ef drtez zxyt`zn cvik weqrl `eti` dppi` df xn`na izpeek?diyxey md dn?zecar zxag ly jk lk akxend miryta wlg zgwl mdn cg` lk e`iady zeil`ecieeicpi`d zeaiqa,mnvr mithega `weec zetihgd z` oegal ipevx.mze` eyniyy zepeebnd zewihwxta e`,df beqn ozehytzd z`e oze` xiaqdle zeqple,mipezpd agxnae dtewza zizxagd ozernyna.miizaiqp mixaqda wtzqdl ilan enyxp dtihg ixwn.miiyteg mixegy ly zetihgd zrtez ly dtwid z` cen`l dyw micreznd mixwnd ly mziaxn.xiiytndîeipl cre dp`ifi`eln,zixad zevx` iagx lka zepicna zecarl exknpe miiyteg mixegy egwlp myn,oetvd zepicna `weec eygxzd miiytegd mixegyd lr dnii` zecarl xknidle shgidl zexyt`d j`.oezgzd mexcd mziiqelke` dziidy okid,oeilrd mexcd ly leabd zepicna xwirae,inexcd agxna mb xeelcn ixeh q'b ly ezecr enk,zecard cbp milirt ly zetiwr zeiecr.cgeina dlecb dtihg ixwn ly axd mxtqn lr i`wixn`d mixgapd zia ly dcre ipta 1816 zpya eid miiyteg mixegy ly zetihg ik drcd z` zewfgn 4,el mirecid xeelcae cplixna.mexca s` zeaexn מפת ארצות הברית משנת 1860, ערב מלחמת האזרחים המספרים מציינים את שנת ההצטרפות של המדינות השונות לאיחוד המדינות הדרומיות
xec wxa 100 znglnl cre zil`ipelewd dtewzd seqn mexcd zepicn ly agxna xwira cwnzi df xn`n dpeknd ef zeyi ik xekfl aeyg.1861±1800 mipyd lr myei ixwird ybcdyk,migxf`d akxen did 1776 zpya.miax miitxbence miil`ixehixh miiepiy ef dtewza dxar "mexc" cenra dtn d`x) zetqep ryz odil` etxhvd 1860 cr.cala zepicn yyn mexcd,zizxag dcigi l`k mexcd zepicn l` mieqn oaena xn`nd qgiizn,ok enk.(mcewd swida xn`na dvegp `id j`,dllkd oaenk idef.zg` zibele`ici`e,zilklk,zihilet mi`pzd z` lynl enk,mexca iniptd oeeibd z` ewnerl oegal izexyt`a oi`.df ixef` oia milcadd z` e`,da miiytegd mixegyle dp`ifi`el zpicnl mirbepd micgeind oial oeilrd mexcd zepicn oiay efl dyr`y dpgadd dvnzz,llk jxca.xtkde xird mdixeaig xwira eidi xn`na ize` eynyiy miipey`xd zexewnd.oezgzd mexcd zepicn,zepehlyd l` zexizr,mexca zepicn ly mixegyd iweg,gex iyp`e mibele`ici` ly,zr iazk,mipezir jezn mirhw ly oeebne,mixxgeyn micar ly miiyi`d mdixetiq.zipynd zextqd jezn miae`yd,dtewzd ipa miinyx miknqne ryt len l` mexcd zepicn ly cid zlf`a oeica gzti xn`nd ly oey`xd ewlg mei`a weqri ipyd wlgd.dl mixaqd xg` yetigd oeeik lr riavdl dqpie,zetihgd biviy iyilyd wlgd l` liaeie,mexca zecard zxag xear miiytegd mixegyd eeidy z` wiqdl dqp`e,onvr zetihgd l` aey` iriaxd wlga.df mei`l mexcd zaebz z` xear zetihgd ly zcgeind ozernynl rbepa,mincewd miwlgd on zelerd zepwqnd.zi`wixn`d mexcd zxag 'freeîe 'free blacks' miiepikd z`.ily minebxz md xn`na e`aeiy mihehivd lk iepikd zexewna rited xy`ke,'miiyteg mixegy'l iznbxz xzeia migeexd mdy negroes'.'miiperav' dlina izynzyd 'colored' א. פשע החטיפות itk,mexcd zepicn ici lr rytk dxcbed miiyteg mixegy ly mztihgy it lr s` z` repnl izin` un`n mexca dyrp `l ik dncp,'dtihg' gpena yeniydn rnzyny mglp epi`y lr lynnd cbpk zeny`d.19îd d`nd jldna drtezd ly dzehytzd 1806 zpya.mexca ode oetva od,dtewzd ipa ici lr xak ernyed zetihgd zrteza yyl mixizen ep`" :ditlclitn yix`t oe'b `hqipyilea`d yexta z`f xn`,lynl on xhtidl mivex miyp`y iptn cala miyceg dyiy jeza shgidl mc` ipa ze`n.zixad zevx` zepicn lka dlehia z` eywiay zecard icbpzn ly miiepik did 'mihqipyilea`' `
101 "?miiytegd mixegya dyrii dn" bdepd" ik mirayen xag ly g"ec 1816 zpya raw cplixna 5."miiytegd mixegyd ly divn`ne dzepxr ici lr mlaiiy mewna miiytegde micard ztihg ly `xepd cbp weg cplixna wwgp `l,ok it lr s`e 6."dnevr zexidna xaeb eply dxhynd eidye dtihgd ryta zexiyi mipcd dpicn iweg,dyrnl.miiyteg mixegy ly mztihg dxyr yng jezn ynga wx ewwgp,xzei milirie mixaben dyipre dtik` ile` mixyt`n,zetihgd cbp ilxct weg lk migxf`d zngln iptl wwgp `l,ok enk.mexcd zepicn lr zaxern dziid dtihgd rytay dcaera aygzda,zeax riiql `ed s` leki didy miniiwd miwegd it lr dtik`d zepeiqipl dxizqa.zepicn xtqn oia drepz aex it mixegy lr exq`y miwegd mze` e`a,el`k ewwgp oda zepicna zetihg cbp miwegle cirdl zetihgd zepaxew ly mzleki i`.mipal cbpk ililt htyna cirdl miiyteg dwiwgd z` dliykd dyrnle,htynd ziaa dryxdd iiekiqa zeyw dlaig mditheg cbpk.zetihg cbp xzeia dlecbd mithegd ziitepk d`xpd lkk,lynl oeqpe'bîoep`w ziitepk ixag 1829Îl 1817 mipyd oia.mrt xg` mrt wegd ly `lnd eypern ewng,mexca dlrty,oeqpe'b e'b.llk ehtyp `l j` minrt xtqn miiyteg mixegy ly zetihga eny`ed md mixegyd apbe shegd ile`"k xeelc ly illkd raezd ici lr x`ezy mc`,dxeagd ibidpnn.ryxed `l j` dtihg zny`a zeax minrt el` mipya htyp 7,"dpicna xzeia mqxetnd lr oecip `ed,xeelca htyn zia ici lr dtihga my` seqal `vnp xy`k,1822 zpya jxd wlgd jezigle,zexnqenn eipfe` xy`k dry jyna cqle zewln miyelyl weg it.cala cqle zewlnl zgtede lyend ici lr wzned df yper j`,okn xg`l eipfe` ly zny`a df did `l,1829 zpya ditepkd ixag seqal eryxed xy`k,ipexi` ote`a ryxedy ditepkd ixag oian icigid.di'bxe'bn micar xgeq ly gvx zny`a `l`,dtihg ipya 1821 zpya xeelca ryxedy,xegy mc`,lpxet oe'b `weec did dtihg zexara ditlclita htyn zia ici lr zipy ryxede qtzp,wegd icin wng j` dtihg ixwn 8.xlec mitl` zrax` ly qpwle `lka dpy miizye mirax`l oecipe,1827 zpya איור מתוך ספרו של ג'ס טורי 'דיוקן העבדות בארצות הברית' משנת המתאר חטיפה של,1817. שחורים חופשיים
xec wxa 102 miiyteg mixegy ly mztihg ryt ly ezripnl rbepd lka mexcd zepicn ly cid zlf`.dxxal yiy idylk zinipt dxizq zcner dqiqaa ik il dncp.xaqd zyxec mzxikne oezir ly zkxrn xn`na miazkpy mixaca `evnl ile` ozip dxiwgd oeeikl micwn fnx,zeiyep`d mb enk,zeipicnd" :zetihgd zrtez cbpk 1827 zpya `viy f'v`p xira zeieyi ly mzxfgda riiql ick mzeyxl cnerd irvn` lka eynzyi epigxf` ik miyxec mixegy aex it lr" ik orhp envr xn`nd eze`ayk,"odizegtynle ozial el` zepkqn cvd on 9."epkezl qipkdl xegal mrt i` lkepy xzeia rexbd miyp`d beq mpid miiyteg mze` dvex `ed oi` xg`d cvd on j`,mzexig z` mitehgl xifgdl azekd ywan cg`d.dpald dxaga mb.mnvr miiytegd mixegya xnelk,zetihgd i`yena dpenh,d`xp jk,dirad jk lya ile`.dketid z` drwedd dkeza zllek,drtezd z` mexca miriwen xy`k cid zlf` z` uxzl ile`e,drtezd zehytzdl miripnd z` xiaqdl miywan s` ozip mze` miitqkd zepexzid".ihilet e` ibele`ici` orhn ilehp mibyena,dzripna mdy cr,miax dk eil` qiibn `ede minevr dk mpid df wcv xqg xgqn zrk ae`yl mirayen xag opew jk 10 "ielba mdl cbpzdl e`,miniiwd miwegd iipirn wengl milbeqn dcnry dgpdd ik dncp.zetihgd zrtez zehytzd lr 1817 zpya xeelc zpicn ly diilrd ik,epini cr mipeixehqid axwa zgeexd dgpdd dze` `id el` mixac qiqaa z` dccery `id `,1808 xg`l cgeinae d`nd zligz f`n micr eid dl micard ixigna ywia df mirayen xag,zexg` milina.dneiwl uixnzd z` dzeeide drtezd zehytzd rva zticx icia zrpend zepiixar ly drtez miiyteg mixegy ly mztihga ze`xl.dheyt zel`y izrcl mixxern,mpi`y eli`e,df xaqd min`ez dtihgd ixwn lk `l mle` on 1860 zpya dthgp xy`k xyr za dziid lynl oniit hxbxn.dlek drtezd lr oxwea qxit ly wahd rhn,'qixh`ia zfeg`' l` dpetv dgwlp `id.'bex oeh`aa sivxd ziztxvl dxene dieel zak dyny mye,iwhpwa mirhn lrae reci micar xgeq,qpiid 11 micard xgeq.miitqk mpi` diripny dtihgl daeh `nbec `ed bixgd dxetiq.eiclil ilan i`ceea z`f zeyrl did leki eicli zlkyd z` aigxdl ywiay iwhpwn xiyrd zxxern jk dyry dcaerd j`,eziaa diitka dwifgdle diiyteg zih`len dcli sehgl ezlertl xaqdd uerp `ny e`?dxen ly exky z` jeqgl ywia wx m`d ± zel`y?dze` davry dibele`ici`ae enler zqitza oetvn lr xenyl jxck mb itqkd xaqdd ile` yniy,xeelc enk zecar zepicn xear.ihplh`d micard xgq wqtede zixad zevx`l mi`wixt` micar ly mz`ad jynd lr xq`p 1808 zpya `
103 "?miiytegd mixegya dyrii dn" dncp lirl e`aedy mixacd exn`py drya.xayna dxag ly di`elgz z` yigkdle iwp mixegyd on feg` 75.lreta zecar zpicn zeidln lecgl dkxca xak z`vnp xeelcy did dze`a oetva rvennd feg`d on s` deab feg`,1810 zpya xak miiyteg eid dpicna 12 13Îd oewizd z` xy`l zepexg`d zepicnd zg`l xeelc dziid,ok it lr s`e.zr xeyi`îi`l `.1901 zpya wx z`fe,dnegza zecard z` inyx ote`a lhale dwegl zernyn lk dziid `l 1865 zpya cegi`d zepicn aex ici lr lawzdy xg`l oewizd ihnbxt wa`n did `l mexcd ly zecxyidd wa`n.cala zilnq zernyn `l`,ziyrn,zexewiad eklidy mei`d lceb z` oiadl ozip jk wx.miig jxc lr y`ep wa`n `l` mexcd zxag.zecard zepicn lr zeiytegd zepicnd cvn zexaebd zeriazde,mivgld mixegy ly mztihg zrtez z` mwnl zpn lr.dzedf lr dtwzd zgz dxag dziid.dxear el` eeidy mei`d z` dligz oegal yi mexcd zxag ly dtna miiyteg ב. האיום הפנימי על החברה הלבנה mei`d z` enlib miiytegd mixegyd,uegan mei`d z` enlib oetva zecard icbpzn m` xegy".oexeniqwe` iytegd xegyd deeid dxegy zecar lr zqqeand dxaga.miptan 13 bele`ici`d,eivit 'bxe'b 1850 zpya azk "cxeqa`k dncp envr gpend `eld?iyteg dtewzd on cer mexca zgeexd dqitzd a.dnglnd iptly mipya mexcd ly xzeia hlead 14 ly mixegyd iwega.zxg` gkei `ly cr car `ed xegy lk ik dziid zil`ipelewd 15."car `ed [...] xegy lk ik cinz gpei" :yexita azkp 1740 zpyn dpiilexw mexc dktde mzexg z` gikedl miiyteg mixegy lr dzywd htynd iza ly ef dcear zgpd mipken eidiy mipalae zcde` `l htyn zkxrn ly dicqga miielzl dax dcina mze` 16 ze`nvrd zngln zepy xg`l mexca dxabe dkld caa ca mle`.iwegd mcnrn lr cirdl exxery mei`d zyegz dxab jk mxtqn lcby lkk.micar mpi`y mixegy ly mzegkep zpya ;miiyteg mixegy 32,357 mexca eid 1790 zpya.xzei zxreae ziynnl dktde zkynzne daivi dziid ef dilr 17.feg` 800În xzei ly lecib.261,918 mxtqn did 1860 mixegyd xtqn did oda,cplixne xeelc enk zepicna.elek mexca dtewzd lk jxe`l 18.miiyteg mixegy ly icizr aex iptn yyg xxerzd s`,cgeina lecb miiytegd mixegyd dxear eeidy dxizqd z` ayiil dziid dleki `l mexcd ly dibele`ici`d `.1995 zpya wx itiqiqine,1976 zpya dwegl 13d oewizd z` iwhpw dxyi` xeelc xg`l a miihqixplin zepeirxl dzwif z` wcae eivit 'bxe'b ly ezebda wqr df zr azka mqxety mcew xn`n,did did,'eivit 'bxe'b ly ezebda zecard lr dpbde mfixplin',ldpxhy lri d`x ;eztewza a"dx`a egeexy.(a"qyz) 1
xec wxa 104 ilan izxagd xcqa mewn dl `evnl ozip `ly dilnep` eid md dzpigan.miiytegd,miiyteg miyp` ly mavna enyei [miiytegd mixegyd] md m`".hlgen qxda okzqdl zpya l`ey "?oeieeyd eze`a epicar z` qipkp `ly recn,epl mieey zeidl micizre mixegy ly dravdd zekf dlhea ea,dpiilexw oetv ly izwegd qepika bivp 1835 ly dne` iipira idef" :bivpd siqed dixg`ly,oaenk zixehx dl`y ef dziid.miiyteg 19 hxtd zeiekfe oeieey,zexg.da mewn did `l miiytegd mixegyle "...mipal miyp` mze` welgle,ze`nvrd zngln xg`l dpald zi`wixn`d zedfa miizedn miaikxnl eid.mzxweia rebtl did mipeye mizegpk izxeqn ote`a eqtzpy el` mr d`nd jldna miiytegd mixegyd eeidy zibele`ici`d dirad dnvrzde dkld cgeina cnerd zecard cqen z`e eiig jxc z` wicvdl mexcd ly jxevd xabe jld xy`k,19îd dibele`ici`a xvazdle,dqiqaa.xzei zitwzde zihpxdew,zyaebn oirxbl jtdy 'iaeigd aehd' oerih z` silgd mexcd ly ibele`ici`d rxd' ly lvpznde oyid oerihd enk gex iyp`e mibele`ici`.'igxkdd (Simms) qniq xenlib m`iliee,eivit dhiyd ik gikedl eywia,mixg`e on zegt ziplvp zecard ly zilklkd card ly eavny,oetvd ly mfilhitwd lraye,xikyd lretd ly dfn xzei aeh caa ca.lrtnd lra lr dler micard zece` zeiprfb zeprha el` zeprh exfyp ly mzgbyd xcrday,mrahe mixegyd avnl gxkda excxczi mipal,dwixt`a mdizea` ly iaihinixtd,invr oehlyl zlekia miwifgn md oi`y izxynk `ed irahd mnewn jkitlye mnvra leynl zekfd".oald mc`d "df lynnl zlekid z`,ziy`x,zyxec dze` zleki,1838 zpya qniq azk mziitka" wx xegyd mc`d ezrcl biyi 20 jkl di`xk."el zelrp zene` ly הפועל הצפוני מול הפועל הדרומי איור בן התקופה ממקור לא ידוע המדגים את אחד הטיעונים הפופולריים בעד העבדות: בניגוד לבעל המפעל, האדון דואג לעבדיו החולים והזקנים.
105 "?miiytegd mixegya dyrii dn" dhpq enk zenewn,micar zecixn eygxzd oda zeiaixw zeayen oze` mizirl eyniy ltedy dryn mii`xep zepelyikl mibele`ici`d zrcl ektdy,dpe`l dxiiqe dbpinec 21.mipiiprd z` ldpl elgd mixegye oald oehlyd mda dyrnl `ed xegyd mc`d z` oald mc`d caryny jkay `ed el` mixacn rnzynd ipan mipwtqd ly mpetvn lr i`ceea dlwd ef dyitz.envrn eze` riyene enr aihin xeyra dktd `id ik `lt oi`e,mdizelert zwcvdl mixg`e mi`wihilet dyniye,mexcd mexca `l` oezgzd mexcd zepicna wx `l zihppinecl migxf`d zngln iptly oexg`d [...] zrvxp zelz ly df mewn `lnl dpeilr dgbyd icia crep i`wixt`d xegyd".elek 22 jk."iyteg mc` ly el`n zg` `l s`e,carl zeni`znd zepekzd lk z` mda yi.1835 zpya dpiilexw mexc lyen `hazd lynl mixegyd xtqna zcnznd dilrl dxizqa e`a df beqn miibele`ici` miperih mle` dglvdl ekfy miiytegd mixegyd ziiqelke`a miwlg ly mneiw mvrle mexca miiytegd ziiqelke` aexy it lr s`.dpald dxagd mdilr dztky zeaxd zelabnd zexnl ziqgi egilvdy el`k eid,zeirevwn `l zeceara xwira ewqre iper iig eig miiytegd mixegyd 23.mnvra micar ilral s` mihrne,yekx ilral ektd mixg`,miirevwn micaerk 19Îd d`nd jxe`l zcnzn dilr lr miriavn miqin ineyixe oiqelke` inyxnn mipezp 24 oerih lr xbiz e`xw el`.mexca miiyteg mixegy ly mzelraa `vnpd yekxd swida zywand mexcd zxag xear xrxrn mxebl miiytegd mixegyd z` ektde 'iaeigd aehd'.dnvr z` wicvdl s` dxrxr axern `venn eid miiytegd mixegyd ziiqelke`n lecb wlgy dcaerd mr ccenzdl wegd z` dvli`e zinexcd dibele`ici`a zipaend zirfbd dpgadd lr `id mipeixhixw zepeyd mexcd zepicn eraw dxixa zila.xegyd mc`d z` xicbdl jxevd xegy ik rawp zexg`ae,xegy eiaqn cg` zegtly ink xegyd xcbed owlga.jk jxevl 25 dpald dxagd axwa exxer el` zeriaw.xegy `ed eiaq zea`n cg` zegtly in `ed ewl xarn wegd ly ezeqga ewngiy xer ixida miiyteg mixegy iptn xaeb cgt mexca zltwnd,xegy `ed in dl`yd z` exxer od,jkn xzei.hilyd cnrnd l`e ravd mei`d zyegz dxabzdy dryn.oal `ed in dl`yd z` xnelk,dketid z` oaenk dkeza.dpald dxagd xear zelaqp izlal el` zel`y ektd 1860 z`xwl mexcd lr uegan did ea avnd z` exrxry jka izxagd xcqd zeaivi lr enii` mb miiyteg mixegy elki cer lk.letil oal mc` s` lkei `l eil`y izxagd mleqd zizgz xegyd mc`d oecrend on wlgk mnvr yetzle,xegyd card lr dlrnln hiadl miipr mipal dghaede,miicnrnd migznd epqex,zinexcd dihxwencd ly oald iaiqelwqw`d mixegy ly mzqpkd mle`.micar ilra mpi`y el` ly mcvn mb zecard cqena dkinzd
xec wxa 106 dpald zecg`d z` qexdl dnii`e,ea zexagd jxra zegitl dnxb oecrenl miiyteg 26.miicnrn miwa`n ccerle zenlbzdl `eti` dktd miiytegd mixegyd ly dlcbe zkledd zizxagd dveawd miax mipal ici lr mbxez df mei`.mexca dpald zedfde izxagd xcqd lr mei`d mdilr opelzdl ozipy miiynn mei` ibeql,xzei miqtzp mibyenl mipey zecnrnn "elwlwi" miiytegd mixegydy did micard ilra ly ixwir yyg.mcbpk miweg wwegle zixyt`d zexgl dig `nbec miiytegd mixegyd eedi mnir errexziy jka.micard z` elzyie,rhnd on aepbl mze` ecceri,zeiv xqeg mda exxeri,mze` ezigyi,mxear zixa ilrak eytzp miiytegd mixegyd.zecbpzde dgixa lr zeaygn my`xa.ixn zepeiqiple mihlnp micarl riiql milelry ink jkitle,micard ly miil`ivphet zeidl eid mixen`y leab ieew yhyhl ick ea did mexca miiytegd mixegyd ly mneiw dzegkep.xg`d cvd on xegyd mc`de zecar ;cg` cva oald mc`de zexg.mixexae micg lezyl dnii`e,ef dinehekic lr xbiz d`xw qxznd icv ipyn ecnry mixegy zveaw ly.micard ly mzrca wtqd z`.wega iehia `vn micarl miiyteg mixegy oia mixyw iptn dpald dxagd ly dcgt mexcd zepicn elgd,micar ly mzgixa zrtez 19Îd d`nd z`xwl dxabe dkld xy`k.miiyteg mixegyl qgiizda xwirae,miriiqnl wega mireawd miyperd z` xingdl xzei micak miyper wega exfbp odilr zexard on eid mihlnp micarl reiq ly zexiar 27 :ik lynl miraew 1852 zpyn dnal` ly zecard iweg.mipall xy`n mixegyl,mixegy ixebn e`,sixv,gahn lka,car lk ly ezxaga `vniiy,iyteg iperav mc` lk yng,efky dxar lk xeara,lawi,df car ly gibynd e` milrad on azka xeyi` `ll e` milrad ici lr epzpiiy ;zewln ryze miyely,ztqep dxar lk xeare ;zewln dxyr.xeiq zwlgna xag e` weg yi` lk ici lr e`,card ly gibynd eziaa car ly eze`vnid lr xzei mixeng s`e minec miyper miraew mitqep mitirq xy`k `edy beq lkn micar qepika iyteg xegy zetzzyd lr e`,iyteg xegy ly 28.migibyn e` micar ilra migkep mpi` mewna d`xpd lkk deeid,dfky qepika ligzdl ile` dziid dleki ezepbx`zdy,micar cxn miiytegd mixegyde xg`n.mexca dpald dxagd ly xzeia milecbd micgtd cg` z` mrt lka,cxn iptn cgtd xxer,zecixn ly miil`ivphet mipbx`ne miccernk eytzp miaxern eid ok` mda mixwnd herin zexnl z`f.mcbpk zexiyi zeaebz,ritede xfgy zevxl oeiqipa ile`,zeax minrt ik s`e,xyw zxiywe cxn zepeiqipa miiyteg mixegy zepeiqip lkql zeieyxl miiyteg mixegy eriiq `weec,mdl lkpznd oald oehlyd z`
107 "?miiytegd mixegya dyrii dn" dxagd z` eyniy miaxern miiyteg mixegy eid mda mihrnd mixwnd 29.mipey zecbpzd mpebx`ay zil`ipelewd dtewzd on ixn zepeiqip.ienicd zxivil enxze ze`nbeck dpald miiyteg mixegy itlk ze`nvrd zngln onfa ernypy zeny`d,miiyteg mixegy ecygp iqie wxnpc ly cxnd oeiqipe,miihixad zegekl sxhvdle cexnl micar miccern mdy mirexi` mb.miiytegd mixegyd mieedny dpkql dxe`kl di`xk eyniy,1822 zpya z` eail,dbpinec dhpq e`,dxxnc,dwiin'ba zeiennewzdd enk,zixad zevx`l uegn 30.miiytegd mixegyd itlk dptedy,micar cxn iptn cgtd iptn cgt.miiytegd mixegyd ly mcvn mei` eyg xzei jenp cnrnn mipal mb oeqiixb.'b m`iliee egly 1831 zpya.zeieyxl zepelza zeptl mdn miax xxer zexgz ilra mipal drax`e miyiy mya dxizr dpiilexw mexc ly h`pql x`icxee.x qnii'be lya dpicnd ly xcxcznd davn lr eppelzd md.dpld hpq fegna miiyteg zerevwn eeid mdy zixyt` izlad zexgzd lre,dnegza mi`vnpd miiytegd mixegyd xtqn,oin`dl mileki eid `l md.cearl mipken md ezxenz jenpd xkyd lya oald caerd xear 31 "dpicnd ly diite`l dfane zigyn,jxr xqg dk cnrnl" xyt`z dpicnd ik,mdixacl.mnewn z` qetzl mipezir iab lr zeprh elrde zepehlyd l` zepelza mipal ept mexcd iagx lka cecir lr mb `l`,zpbed `l zexgz lr wx `l eppelzd md.miiytegd mixegyd cbpk da gvnd zefr".mipal itlk ceak zpbtd xqege dtveg lre,zxvezd on aepbl micar opew ",zlaqp izla hlgda `id epxir ly miiytegd mixegyd on miax xira miaaezqn oyrd z` mihlet,mixbiq mr mdn miax mi`ex epgp`".1856 zpya bxeaqxhta oezir zipehqead dlidwd elit`y gex xew zcina [...] mipec`e zexiab ly mdipta gixqnd gvn zefr" ik dpgadd z` 1858Îa mxz qpilxe`îeipa inei oezir."oal mc`a leaqz `l 32."miiperav miiyteg miyp` ly dpey`xd dlrnd on oiit`n zeidl dligzn.zeplhae zeplvr,zepiixar,dtveg,zexgz.miax mixac lr `eti` mippelzn mipal leab mibiyn mdy lr dyrnl `id miiytegd mixegyd itlk zizin`d mzpelz mle` mixegy mr dihxwencde oeieeyd,zexgd zepzn z` welgl zexyt`d.dpal dixehixha qexdl didz ezernyn jk zeyrl.mexca mipald ly mziaxn xear zytzp izla `id xcqd mr ayiizn eppi` heyt miiytegd mixegyd ly mneiw.mdl xkend mexcd z` exeaig myk,"?miiytegd mixegya dyrii dn".eizeceqi z` xrxrl ilan mexca izxagd.zxrea dl`y ok m` `id,1850 zpyn eivit ly
xec wxa 108 ג. תגובת הדרום לאיום 33 eivit gzet ef dnfbda "ef dl`yl oexzta oiipern zaxeznd mlerd on zivgn hrnk" zipexwrk dirad dqtzp jk ick cr.miiytegd mixegyd ziiraa wqerd exeaig z` mexcd zepicn eqxt oeghia zyx enk.ilqxaipe` cnrn dl wiprdl ywan eivity dtegce jxc,dpicnd znxn.mdilr cnry mei`d cbpk egzity zxewiade iekicd ipepbpn z` oeiqipa dtik` ipepbpn epbxe`e mipey miweg ewwgp,zinewnd dlidwl cre,fegnd znx mexcd did jixv idylk jxca.mei`d z` wlqle miiytegd mixegyd zl`y lr zeprl.`edy zenk sexivd z` lqgl e` eicgi ewacy 'iyteg'îl 'xegy'îd oia cixtdl xegyd ly ezexig zlabd ici lr dziid z`f zeyrle zeqpl mexcd ly zg` jxc cnrnd oial mpia dcixtnd dneg oirnk cenrl ecrepy miweg ly zkxrn zxfra iytegd ly ecnrn l` dxfga iytegd xegyd z` wegcl oeiqip df did zeax zepigan.oald zcin.zegt iytegl ektdl mexcd zepicn eywia,dirad `ed iytegd xegyd m`.card d`nd on j`,zil`ipelewd dtewzd on cer wega dlabed miiyteg mixegy ly ytegd ieaix ly dnbn xexaa zedfl ozip,migxf`d zngln iptly mixeyra cgeinae,19îd miweg enxrpe ekld jk dpald dxagd lr mei`d xaby lkk.mexca dliabnd dwiwgd iwega milcad onfd mr.miiytegd mixegyd cbpk,mipey mipewize mitirq,miycg z` evni` cegi`l etxhvdy zeycg zecar zepicn,envnhvde ekld zepeyd zepicnd cig`l jtd iytegd xegyd ly iwegd ecnrne,xzei zewized zepicnd ly mixegyd iweg.mexcd iagx lka dax dcina on dllyp dravdd zekf on wlga miiytegd mixegyd dtewza cer zepicnd oetve mexc.zil`ipelewd mixegy lr wegaexq`dpiilexw zpya xak riavdl miiyteg אישור על מעמדה החופשי של הריאט בולינג, פטרסבורג, וירג'ניה, 1851. ;1723 zpya dipi'bxie ;1715 xg`l.1761 zpya di'bxe'be zewegd elly ze`nvrd zngln zekf z` mexcd zepicn aexa,miiyteg mixegyn dxigad ici lr mzravd drpnp owlgae 34.miinewn miweg
109 "?miiytegd mixegya dyrii dn" mixegyd eyxcp,xegyd mc`d xear lcgnd zxixa z` zecara d`exd zkxrna ywaznk myxidle,iytegd mcnrn z` mixy`nd miknqn zr lka mteb lr z`yl miiytegd miiytegd mixegyd eyxcp dpiilexw mexca.inewnd sixyd lv` e` diixird icxyna."iyteg" dlind eilre bz mditzk lr ceprl mb,1785 zpyn weg it lr,miipexird dhily dpicnl xyt`l ecrepy mipey`xd meyixd iweg dipi'bxiea ewwgp 1793 zpya z` ycgl miiytegd mixegyd eyxcp xira.miiytegd mixegyd ziiqelke` lr zxewiae mixegy oia dpgadd ziiray okid,xtkd ixef`a ;dpy lka iytegd mcnrn lr xeyi`d zkxrn.mipy yely lka myxidl eyxcp md,zegt dxeng dziid micarl miiyteg dvni` 1805 zpya.dipi'bxie zeawra ekldy zexg` zepicnl lcen dyniy ef zxewia mexcd zepicn.iwhpw mb z`f dzyr okn xg`l dpyke,dnec meyix iweg zkxrn xeelc j`,xzei xge`n ef jxcl ept,xzei ohw miiytegd mixegyd xtqn did oda,oezgzd 35.zepey mixra mcew cer oda ewwgp miinewn meyix iweg dipi'bxie.mipal cbpk htyn izaa cirdl mb,xen`k,xq`p miiyteg mixegy lr miltye mizgyen mpid miiytegd mixegyd ik dprha 1732 zpya xak wega z`f draw miiytegd mixegyd on dllyp ef zekfe,dizeawra ekld mexcd zepicn xzi.mrahn zepicna ik m`,dp`ifi`ele itiqiqin,xeelc hrnl mexcd zepicn lka 19Îd d`nd jldna mzecr oi` ik gipdl did laewne,dax zepwtqa mixegy micr htynd iza elaiw el` 36 cbpk htyn ziaa cirdl iytegd xegyd ly ezleki i`.oal mc` ly efl jxr zeey aex it lr eid el` oky,zetihgd zrtez ly xywda xzeia zizernyn dziid oal mc` dyrnl micigid micrde shgpde xg`n.xegy mc` cbpk oal mc` icia rveand ryt.shegd ly ezryxd zeax minrt drpnp,mixegy eid exq`,zepey mixrae,zefegna,zepicna 19Îd d`nd jldna ewwgpy mitqep miweg sq`zdl,xgqne oic zkixr,d`etx oebk,minieqn zerevwna weqrl miiyteg mixegy lr zerya xver mxear eraw s` micg` zenewnae,wyp z`yl,mipal ly gewit `ll eicgi 37 s` owlgae,zepicnd on dnka weg it lr mdilr xq`p xtq izaa cenil mb.dlild aeyg sepn `ed jepig ik ahid dpiad dpald dxagd.llka daizkde d`ixwd cenil lynl wletxepn q`lbc hxbxn lr.z`f repnl dywiae ilklke izxag cnrn xetiyl miiyteg mixegy micli dcnily jk lr ipexird `lkd ziaa xq`n yceg 1854 zpya xfbp 38 i`wixt`d xtqd zia ly dxwnd mb.mixg`l `nbec ynyz ornle,aezke `exw daeh `nbec `ed,iyteg xegy,oeqxtwn xtehqixk 1811 zpya miwdy cpen'vixa oeqxtwn.mzlkyd z` aigxdl miiyteg mixegy ly mdizepeiqip itlk dpald zepierl micare miiyteg mixegy xear axr icenill xtq zia gzte oal dxen ly eizexy z` xky.mitqep zerevwne,dinepexhq`,ditxbe`ib,ilbp` xiagz ecnlp ea,mpec` znkqda
xec wxa 110 znwd xg`l xvw onf.mipald cpen'vix iayez iipira ef dnfei og d`vn `l,elfn rexl zia ici lr yxcp `ed ea ecbp lgd ihtyn jild ;el lkpzdl dxhynd dlgd xtqd zia seqal ;lertl el gipdl yiye xeaivl cxhn deedn epi` xtqd zia ik gikedl htynd laeq `ed ik dlzn`a bxeaqn`ilieea gex ilegl dqgnd ziaa diitka ftye`e xvrp `ed 39.miizc zepeifge zeifdn ax mipalde miiytegd mixegyd ziiqelke` oia jekigd did mda,zelecbd mixra eywiaye,oald mc`d zepeilr z` lnql ecrepy mipey miweg sqepa ewwgp,xzei xegyd oia epigad `l zeax mixr.xegyd mc`d xear dze`p zebdpzd ly micew reawl el` miweg.onegza mixegyd lk lr elgy dcxtde xeqi` iweg erawe carl iytegd izal e` zecrqnl qpkidl,miixeaivd mixef`d on wlgl qpkidl mixegy lr exq` 40 lynl cpen'vixa.dkild lwn z`yl elit`e,aegxa oyrl,zexkxka reqpl,oeln xeari,dkxcnd lr oal mc` ici lr swrp e`,swer,ybetd xegy" ik ipexir weg raw on cin cxi,xearl oal mc` eze`l xyt`l ick,xacd yxcp m`e ;ipevigd dcva 41."dkxcnd ytgl miax miiyteg mixegy ewgcp zeieyxde wegd cvn zcnzn dtwzd zgz mzeida cgeina,zepicnd ici lr eccer el` zeqg ixyw.cnrn lra oal mc` ly ezeqga dpbd gwtl did mipald miqetexhet`d ly mciwtz.wega owlga epber s`e,oezgzd mexca,oilxa ly ezrcl,dyrnl e`ln jka.wegd zeieyx oial epia jeezle iytegd xegyd lr mixegyl itilg oec` oirnl dktdy,dpicnd zgz (Overseer) gibyn ly ciwtz oirn 42.miiytegd ixg` df did.ycgn ceary ici lr dziid mei`d mr ccenzdl mexcd ly ztqep jxc d`nd rvn` z`xwl mexca dgeexe dkldy dibele`ici`d itl ezeyrl oekpd xacd lkd ly mibivpd ztq` l` qaewii'b.ee qihxw bele`ici`d ene`pa dpt ",`id zn`d".19îd,1860 zpya cplixn xegyd ly ecnrn if`,i`wixt`d xear xzeia aehde oekpd `ed zecar ly cnrn m`y" cnrn `vnp mletihe mzgbyd zgzy el` ly mzaeg idefe,lkn rexbd oaenk `ed iytegd 43."mcaryl `edy ± mzgeex meciwl xzeia aehd xacd z` zeyrl df.miiyteg mixegy ycgn caryl zeiepncfd zepicnd eywia mexcd iagx lkay dncp zetewzl miiyteg mixegy mixknp eid d`ilk ze`ved e` enley `ly zeqpw lr yperk micar mzeid zny`a mixq`p miiyteg mixegy eid miax mixwna.zecar ly zeaevw 44 cplixne xeelca.iwegd mcnrn z` gikedl mzleki i` lya zecarl mixknpe mihlnp mixegy zeaexn zepicna htynd iza.zeianet zexikna mixknp mixegy mixiq` eid
111 "?miiytegd mixegya dyrii dn" yng ly zekex` ceary zetewzl miiyteg mixegy mixken mizirl eid el` miiyteg 45.miilrp zaipb enk zehert zexar lr xzeie mipy mixeyra 'iaeigd aehd' oerih ly zibele`ici`d dqitzd dqqazde dkldy lkk mixegyd zl`yl ycgn cearyd oexzt xzei mi`zd jk,dnglnd iptly mipexg`d wtqlzepicndonzeaxelgds`19îdd`ndlymiyingdzepyjldna.miiytegd zxeeir zepn`p jezn 46.oevxn mnvr caryl miiyteg mixegyl exyt`iy miiweg mipepbpn zepncfdd z` ynnl exdni miiytegd mixegyd ik ile` eayg mdly dibele`ici`l dibliaixtd miiytegd mixegyl ozpiz m` ik 1850 zpya xeaq did eivit.mdl drvedy 47 miiyteg mixegy,z`f zexnl.mipy xyr jeza mdn miax exzeei `l mnvr caryl,miipre mipwf,xaryl micar aex it lr eid el`.oevxn carzydl exga cala mihrn dyi` dzpt lynl 1813 zpya.micareynd mzgtyn ipa mr x`yidl eywiay el`k e` oec`l dnvr caryl dywaa dipi'bxie ly wwegnd l` dcpiqel mya zxxgeyn dxegy xknizy dyyg lya mle`,dlral daexw dxzep dxexgy xg`l dpy jyna.dlra ly yxcpk ef dtewz meza dpicnd zeleab z` dafr `ly iptn xg` mewnl gwlize zecarl 48 el`k mixwn.dlra cvl dgtyl dpevxn jetdl dywiae dpicnl azkna dxzr,wega aehd' oerih wefigle zecard zwcvdl mexcd z` eyniy,mihrn eid ik s`,mixg`e.mipezird iab lrn ebbgpe,'iaeigd z` mixxgynd micar ilra itlk xzeie xzei zpierl mexca ldwd zrc dktd liawna xexgy lr zeywdl dziid dzxhny dwiwgl zeax zepicna mbxez df gex jld.mdicar miweg dpiilexw mexca dpey`xl ewwgp 1800 zpya.lilk exq`l s` mizirle micar dixehixhae,1802îa micar xexgy xq`p di'bxe'ba,micar ly mxexgy z` miliabnd 1827,1807În miweg it lr,micar ilra eyxcp dp`ifi`ela 49.1805 zpya itiqiqin ly z` gihadl ick zeaxr mlyle zeieyxd xeyi`l micar xexgyl zeywa yibdl,1830îe,eicar lr ezepeaixae oec`d zeiekfa rebtl sicrd mexcd 50.okn xg`l dpicndn mz`ivi 51.miiytegd mixegyd xtqna lecibd z` xevrl zepeiqipa lagl `ly calae ici lr dziid miiytegd mixegyd on xhtidl mexcd zepicn eqip da ziyily jxc daeyz zzl dpald dxagd dywia inexcd agxnd on iqitd mweliq zervn`a.dwgxd dpzp 19Îd d`na mexca dgnvy ycgn aeyiid zrepz.miiytegd mixegyd mei`l ztqep drepz.dpal dxagk mexcd z` xnyl,oeilrd mexca cgeina,miax ly mpevxl iehia mixegye mixxgeyn micar ly dwixt`a ycgn maeyiie mzxibd z` ccerl dywia ef zeipkez ly ozglvdy it lr s`.zepicnd on oeninl ekf mipeyd dipebx`e,miiyteg mexcd ly sqep oeiqipk oxikfdl aeyg,xzeia dhren xac ly eteqa dziid ycgn aeyiid.eaxwn miiytegd mixegyd z` wlql
xec wxa 112 zipkezd dyaeb,xzeia axd miiytegd mixegyd xtqn zlra dpicnd,cplixna dpicnd ici lr dvwed dpy mixyr ipt lr $200,000 ly mekq.xzeia zipzt`yde dlecbd mzgily z` onnle,miiyteg mixegy ly mzwgxd z` gihadl ick ycgn aeyiid zipkezl,ok enk.mrpkyl ecrepy mihltntde zlcl zlcn mipkeqd,ze`vxdd z`,dwixt`l lr dxibd oial ycgn ceary oia xegal aiig xxgeyn car lk ik erawy miweg ewwgp dnec zipkez dxdna dvni` dipi'bxie.cplixn ly ycgn aeyiid zxag ly dizeipkez it 52.dpya $500 ef dxhnl eavwed iqphae,mipy yng ipt lr $18,000 dyeninl daivwde zeaxae,onegzl miiyteg mixegy ly dxibd repnl s` mexcd zepicn eywia,sqepa mixegy ly dxibd 1793 zpya xak dxq` dipi'bxie.mzqipk zripnl miweg ewwgp odn dpicnd inegz z` aefrl mixxgeynd micard lk lr ik draw mb 1806 xg`le,miiyteg exyei z` gikedl iyteg xegy xbdn lk lr ik raewd weg wwgp di'bxe'ba.dpy jeza ly qn mlyl sqepae,yxebiy e` ezqipk mein miyceg dyiy jeza dpicnl ezlreze dnegzl miiyteg mixegy ly mzqipk z` liabdl dpiilexw oetv dzqip 1795 zpya.$20 jqa aeg zxb` yekxl dpicnl qpkidl ywand iyteg xegy lk lr ik raewd weg ici lr dpiilexw mexc.zianet dxikna exknie,e`lki,exq`i wegd xg` e`lni `ly el`.$200,1807 zpya z`f dxq` iwhpw,1800 zpya miiyteg mixegy ly mzqipk z` lilk dxq` iyteg xegy lk lr ik raw 1852 zpyn dnal` ly mixegyd cew 53.1810 zpya xeelce 54 eqpwx`a.mei miyely jeza dpicnd z` aefrl 1832 x`exat xg`l dpicnl qpkpy 55.dpicnd z` aefrl miiytegd mixegyd lk lr ik 1860 zpyn weg raw zlaewn,lirl izipny miaxd dlabdde gewitd zepwze miweg ly mztik`l rbepd lka xqeg,mc` geka xeqgn z`tn,dtivxe dcig` dxevae d`elna dxyt`zp `l ef ik drcd zipywrd j` ziaiqtd mzecbpzde,zekenp zexekyn,dtik`d iteb ly zipebx` zeliri 56 did ef diral mexcd zepicn ly oexztd.mdl ziivl eyxcpy miiytegd mixegyd ly dcinr ly cinzn avna miiytegd mixegyd z` dxizedy,dtivx `le zizexixy dtik`a oegha mezqy oirnl miaxd zepwzde miwegd ektd jka.oehlyd iptn cgte xnynd lr cgt ly mirbxa `eal ehp iekice zxaben dtik` ly zeievxtzd,ok`e.mexg zryl mipepbpnd lk ly ztzeynd mzilkz ik il dncp,mewn lkn.dpald dxagd axwa xaben.iytegd xegyd ly eleqig `ide,icnl dxexa zepicnd eniwdy iekicd zkxrna ד. החטיפות כאיבר במערכת הדיכוי oeibd eze` xg` zawer miiyteg mixegy ly dtihgd zlerty dcaerd on mlrzdl dyw xegy mc` zrixb ± dtihgd zlert ly d`vezd.dibele`ici`d z` ixnbl zn`eze,dgpn
113 "?miiytegd mixegya dyrii dn" zilkzd z` wiecna dniybn ± micard zavnl eztqede miiytegd mixegyd zveawn `eti` xyt` i`.mexca miiytegd mixegyd iekic zkxrna mixai`d lkl ztzeynd zeiyi`d mdizexhn.zetihgd ly ozripnl lertl mexcd ly qxhpi`a wtq lihdl `ly onewn z` dyrnl mipyn mpi` dlertl mdly zeihxtd zeaiqde mnvr mithegd ly.mei`k ytzpy dn itlk milrtend mirvn`d zkxrna wlgk mb dtihgd z` aivdl ozip,zepicnd eniwdy ziwegd iekicd zkxrn cvl ly zei`xw` zeievxtzd.oal xexh ly,ziwegîxal,dliawn,ztqep iekic zkxrnn zelidwa ihxt ote`a elrtedy,mdicil wegd z` migweld mipal cvn dcgtde zenil` miiytegd mixegyd z` mnewna cinrdl ick dpald dxagd z` od s` eyniy,zepey azkp ",rcei eppi` in".mixegyd iweg ly dxicq `ld dtik`l dneca elrte,dkezay :1823 zpya cpen'vixa oezira dxeagl `ed heyt dnk cr,dlidw xear dgece fibxnl envr jtd [...] iyteg xegy xy`k dpicrd dgkezd z` el wiprdle,ezgtynne ezhinn eze` zgwl,zelild cg`a exwal ile`,oepind lr xefgl ozip zelil dnk jeza?epevxn aefrl eripdl ick,dxeng d`wlday 57.aefrl onefne oken jted xegady [...] cr,elicbdl,oxear enwed zecgein zeveawe zepbxe`nl dfd beqd on zelert eyrp minieqn zenewna zeieyxd elykpy xg`l.htynd zkxrn ly siwr cecirae dlidwd ly dzkinza elrty ly jxerd jk lr xird,iyteg xegy ly dvnyl reci wqr xebql oeiqipa cpen'vixa oiiprd z` egwii mnvr migxf`d m` `ltzdl jixv yi` oi`" :miinewnd mipezird cg` htynd ziae "hrnk oeeb lkn rexe zezigy erwa ea zerxvd ow z` eqxdie,mdicil gvn zefr dzpted eitlk xy` oal mc`l" ik yxetna raw dpiilexw oetv ly oeilrd 58."zihetiyÎxal jxc lka dxvrl zekfd dpyi dzeeid `idy ineineid mei`de,zexhep ly ef zkxrnl ahid dni`zd dtihgd zlert milecbd mileyknd cg`.zxewiae iekic irvn`k `ed s` lrt miiytegd mixegyd xear zetihgd eyniy df oaena.mzexig z` gikedl iyewd did mithgpd len eavipy xzeia ewgcy jka,odly iekicd zeipicn z`e mexcd zepicn ly miqxhpi`d z` ztqep mrt mithgpd eqip mrt `l.ocbpk gehia oirnk meyixd iweg mr dlert szyl miiyteg mixegy miknqnd lr mci eniyi el`y zpn lr mixegye mipal mixkn mr xyw i`yga xevil xenihlea zceb`' enk mipebx` ly mznwd 59.xeg`n exzepy miiyteg mzeid z` mixy`nd cbpk dpbdl (Baltimore's Society for Relief in Case of Seizure) 'dqitz dxwna dxfrl ezegkep lr driavn,miiytegd mixegyd zelidw aexa d`xpd lkk eid ezenk,zetihg 60.mexca iytegd xegyd ly mei meid iiga dtihgd mei` ly
xec wxa 114 izin`d dgek.envr "iyteg xegy" byend lr dxiyi dtwzd mvra dziid dtihgd s` `l`,dzlert ly d`vezd on wx `l izrcl raep ezedf lr mexcd wa`na irvn`k mixegyd zl`ya ocd exeaiga 1850 zpya eivit azk jk.dnvr dlertd zernynn :miiytegd mlern,dpy mitl` zrax` jyna divfilieeiv mr rbnay zlrezd zexnl,ok it lr s`e xey enk zieae sle`,xywp,qtzpy cr,cg` xegy `l s` i`xtd eavnn ahenl xfged `l 61.`xtd qeq e` xad mibele`ici`e eivit ly miperihd zkxrnn xexa wlg ezeid eppi` df htyna oiiprnd ekxcke,xegyd mc`d xear oekpde irahd avnk zecard z` bivdl miywand mixg` `l`,zexgd iig el migihany oelyikde zexrapd on eriyedl oald mc`d ly zixqend,dwixn`a dxegyd zecard zecleza opekn rexi` lr miyn ilan riavn `edy `weec qp`xhd micard xgq,dipi'bxie cre dxicnn.dwixt`a xegy mc` ly eztihg `ede mztihg lr lk ziy`x qqazd ycgd mlera egnvy zecard zecqen z` oifdy ihplh` axrn ly segd ixef`a mixtk lr zehiyt.zecarl mzxikne dwixt`a mixegy ly fneb ifbehxetd oeixehqidd ici lr 15Îd d`nd rvn`a zex`eznd el` enk,dwixt`,exvi,civk miclie miyp,mixab ly geka mzqitze,(de Azurara) dxxef` dc qp`i`.carl iyteg xegy mc` ly ezkitdl xzeia iqiqad dlertd mbc z`,xeaq ip` jk z` zexidna miafer,mdiclie mdizeyp mr,mixend ik e`x my xtkd oeeikl ehiad md [...].ozipy lkk miax eqtze ebxde mze` etiwzd [...] mipexg`d.mdiaie`a epigady iptn,mdiza cg` lky cera,odizeyp z` miyhep milra,odicli z` zegpef zedni` my ze`xl zleki ;mdizezwaa xzzqdl eqip mixg`,mina mnvr eriahd wlge.ezleki ahink hlnidl dqpn.xzei xge`n elbzd md my,mid iayr oia mdicli z` e`iagd,ehlniiy deewza,mixg` el` z` xetql ilan,miclie miyp,mixab mdipia,[mixen] 165 eckl `edd meia ik [...] 62.ebxdp e` ezny,15îd d`na dwixt`a gpedy xg`l,carl xegy mc` ly ezkitd zlertl ceqid mbc zgkep dxzep dtihgd.zecard ly dlehial cr dwixn` oetva miiwzde dyrnl jiynd ziwegîxal zinipt micar xgq zrepz ly ripnl dziide,dppek dze` iekicd zkxrna ik xnel mfben df didi `l s` ef han zcewpn.1808 xg`l cgeina,zixad zevx`a xak drnyed ef drc ok`e.dtihg ly zepaxew mexca micard lk ile` eid oitiwra zn`k z`fa miwifgn ep`".oetva miipeviwd zecard icbpznn dnk ici lr 19Îd d`na ly mixehd cg`a 1850 zpya azkp "shgp zixad zevx`a car lky,dil`n zpaen 63.xehxail oezird
115 "?miiytegd mixegya dyrii dn" zevx`a dneiw yael f` ik,zecard cqen ly zppeknd dlertk dtihgd z` lawp m` ozipy ipevig mehtniq cer `l.ixnbl dycg zernyn migxf`d zngln iptly zixad mdilr zeceqid z` znlbnd zihpxdpi` drtez `l`,micard ixign ziilra exiaqdl ile` mexcd zxag ly miqenkd diiee`nl iehia zpzepye,dligzkln zecard zxag dzzyed df dxwna.dnvr z` jka xnyle dnlera irahd enewnl xegyd mc`d z` xifgdl zhytzne zkled jk.oyid xcqd ly ycgn xeyi`l dtihgd lr dxfgd dyrnl zkted zgz dxaga,xac ly eteqa.mexcd zxag lr mei`d 19Îd d`na xaeby lkk drtezd.ztwzend zedfd ly dwefig dziid dtihgd ly dzernyn dzedf lr dtwzd סיכום dzehytzdl,miiyteg mixegy ly zetihgd zrtezl xaqd `evnl df xn`na iziqip dzernyna,dze` repnl mexcd zepicn cvn miipivx zepeiqip xcrdle,drtezd ly ixcq lr mexcd wa`na sqep irvn`k ynyl dzlekiae,dtihgd zlert ly zcgeind dprhd lr qqazd df xaqd.migxf`d zngln l` miliaend mixeyra,eiig jxce enler mvraye,zibele`ici` dxizq mexca dpald dxagd xear eeid miiytegd mixegyd ik zkxrn daebza dciled mexcd ly mei`d zyegz.ef dxag ly dzedf lr enii` mneiw ly dleqig dziid ziteqd ozilkzy,zepwze miweg,mipepbpn ly ztreqne zakxen ynyl ahid dtihgd dni`zd ef zkxrna.miiytegd mixegyd ly zizxagd dveawd z` ixnbl dn`z carl ezkitde iyteg xegy mc` zgiwl ly dlertd.sqep xai`k zehytzd z` repnl izin` oeiqip lk mexcd zepicn ici lr dyrp `l jkitl.zilkzd okzqdl ilan ef zil`nep` zizxag dveaw lawl zlbeqn dziid `l mexcd zxag.drtezd ly mzexig lr obdl xyt` `l dxegyd zecard cqen ly iniptd oeibidd.invr qxda dxizq icil e`iadl ilan,jkn rnzynd lk lr iytegd mcnrn z` jka xy`le,mixegy `ed s` yniyy oald xexhd ly ziweg xald zkxrna wlg dgwl mb dtihgd.zipqxd ccenzdl mixegyd zelidw ly jxevde dtihga ineineid mei`d.zxewiae iekic irvn`k dpald dxagd mrhn zxekfzk,dtik`d ipepbpn ly ineineid mei`l dneca,yniy ezi` zppekn dlert dyrnl `id dtihgd zlert ik izprh,sqepa.mixegyd ly mzezigpl,dwixt`a iyteg xegy ly dtihg zlerta clep elek zecard cqen.zecard zxag xear mehtniq dppi` `id.zecard ly ihpbd oteva zrahen dtihgd ik xnel ozip jkitle,mexcd z` dilr dxfgd dyniy jk lyae,dl zihpxdpi` `id `l`,zecard ly ipevig zevx` lk ipt lr.znie`nd ezedf ly ycgn xeyi`l irvn`k,19îd d`na cgeina dzzyed mdilr zeceqide,dibele`ici`d,mikxrd yeyi`l jxcl dtihgd dktd,zixad.mexcd ly zecard zxag
xec wxa 116 zyxec `id ike,df swida xeaig xear icn zfrep hrn `id ef dpexg` dprhe okzi dxeva gipdl izglvdy deewn wx ip`.dze` yy`l zpn lr xzei winrne agxp xwgn mle`,mexcd agxna xwira cwnzd df xn`n,ok enk.ixyt` xaqdl zeceqid z` dxiaq zrtezy il dncp.oetva mb zizxag drtezk zetihgd zernyn z` oegal didi oiiprn zngln iptly zi`wixn`d dxagd z` dkxc oegal zpiiprn dnfixt dpid zetihgd dphw ile` `idy zixehqid drtezl zpievn `nbec `ide,da rfbd iqgie migxf`d.da mialhvn xzei miifkxne milecb mi`yepy j`,zixhef`e מראי מקום.411 'nr.189±188,40 'nr,(1974) oilxa.96±95 'nr,(1976) fex.346 'nr,(1974) oilxa.259 'nr,(1854) eivit ifaep'b ;190,123,91 'nr,(1974) oilxa.402±401 'nr,(1976).94±93 'nr,(1974) oilxa.402 'nr,(1976) ifaep'b.318±317 'nr,(1974) oilxa 'nr,(1988) onlwpit d`x iyi`d dxetiq lr.439±373.318±317 'nr,(1974) oilxa.268±266 'nr,(1967) ciiee.320 'nr,(1974) oilxa.318,215 'nr,(1974) oilxa.370 n"r,(1974) oilxa.187±184 'nr,(2000) xbpipeeye oilwpxt.335±334 'nr,(1974) oilxa.32 'nr,(1996) qixen.267 'nr,(1854) eivit.50±49 'nr,(2001) xbpipeey.102±101 'nr,(1974) oilxa.132±131 'nr,(2004) ol`e hee'b xexgy ly zeihtynd zeiernyna agxp oeic 'nr,(1996) qixen lv` d`x mexca micar.399±371.203 'nr,(1974) oilxa.92 'nr,(1974) oilxa.184 'nr,(1976) fex.28 'nr,(2004) ol`e hee'b,(1976) ifaep'b ;331±327 'nr,(1974) oilxa.403 'nr 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56.(1994) oeqliee.(1974) oilxa.101 'nr,(1974) oilxa.10 'nr,(1994) oeqliee.7 'nr,(1994) oeqliee.68 'nr,(1994) oeqliee.20 'nr,(1994) oeqliee,(1994),oeqliee d`x oeqpe'bîoep`w ziitepk lr.37±19 'nr.30 'nr,(1994) oeqliee.160 'nr,(1974) oilxa cxpew lv` oniit.q hxbxn ly dzecr d`x.203±200 'nr,(2001).47 'nr,(1974) oilxa.264 'nr,(1854) eivit.26±25,21 'nr,(1996) qixen.2 'nr,(1996) leele` oilwpxt lv` d`x jkl zeax ze`nbec.189±184 'nr,(2000) xbpipeeye.136,46 'nr,(1974) oilxa.210 'nr,(1974) oilxa.191 'nr,(1974) oilxa.275±274 'nr,(1838) qniq.276 'nr,(1838) qniq.193 'nr,(1974) oilxa,(1976) ifaep'b d`x micar ilra mixegy lr.408±406 'nr.244 'nr,(1974) oilxa.n 161 'nr,(1974) oilxa.369 'nr,(1974) oilxa.95 'nr,(1974) oilxa.185 'nr,(1976) fex,(1976) ifaep'b ;271±270 'nr,(1974) oilxa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
117 "?miiytegd mixegya dyrii dn".309 'nr,(1974) oilxa.286 'nr,(1854) eivit.7 'nr,(2001) cxpew.5 'nr,(1994) oeqliee 60 61 62 63.337 'nr,(1974) oilxa.338 'nr,(1974) oilxa xwht` :lv` 1823 zpyn azkn lynl d`x.79±78 'nr,(1962) 57 58 59 רשימת מקורות Apteker, Herbert (ed.) (1962), A Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States (New York). Berlin, Ira (1974), Slaves Without Masters: The Free Negro in the Antebellum South (New York). Conrad, Robert Edgar (ed.) (2001), In the Hands of Strangers: Readings on Foreign and Domestic Slave Trading and the Crisis of the Union (University Park). Finkelman, Paul (ed.) (1988), Slavery, Race and the American Legal System 1700 1872: Slave Rebels, Abolitionists and Southern Courts, IV (2) (New York &London). Fitzhugh, George (1854 [1850]), 'What Shall Be Done With The Free Negroes?', reprinted in George Fitzhugh, Sociology for the South or the Failure of Free Society (Richmond). Franklin, John Hope & Loren Schweninger (2000), Runaway Slaves: Rebels on the Plantation (Oxford). Genovese, Eugene D. (1976), Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World The Slaves Made (New York). Jewett, Clayton E. & John O. Allen (2004), Slavery in the South: A State-by-State History, (Westport & London). Morris, Thomas D. (1996), Southern Slavery and The Law, 1619 1860 (Chapel Hill &London). Olwell, Robert (1996), 'Becoming Free: Manumission and the Genesis of a Free Black Community in South Carolina, 1740 1790', Slavery and Abolition,17 (2). Rose, Willie Lee (ed.) (1976), A Documentary History of Slavery in North America (New York, London & Toronto). Schweninger, Loren (ed.) (2001), The Southern Debate Over Slavery, Volume 1: Petitions to Southern Legislatures, 1778 1864 (Urbana & Chicago). Simms, William Gilmore (1999 [1838]), 'Slavery in America', Sunand Tryambak Joshi (ed.), Documents of American Prejudice: An Anthology of Writings on Race from Thomas Jefferson to David Duke (New York). Wade, Richard C. (1967), Slavery in the Cities: The South 1820 1860 (Oxford). Wilson, Carol (1994), Freedom at Risk: The Kidnapping of Free Blacks in America, 1780 1865 (Lexington).